【课程名称】电子信息检索（英文） | 中国科学技术大学图书馆.pdf

Electronic Information Retrieval Academic Writing and Research Ethics Library of USTC Before We Start…… What is an Academic Paper? • Present your views and research on a specific topic • Gather specific information • Examine the issue • Report your findings • Consider your audience Why Write a Scientific Paper • Advance knowledge in your research field with evidence • Explain your ideas and make them accessible to others • Two key components in a research paper: An explicit claim on your contribution on a research problem Evidence to support your claim The Significance of Being Published • Permanence—Published articles are included in a permanent, searchable knowledge base, that is, the "knowledge system" • Perfection-editing, reviewing, revising etc. the process of modification • Broadness—available to a large number of readers • Reliability—The published article has the QUALITY ASSURANCE mark because it is recognized by many people What to Know Before You Write • Assess the audience: To whom are you writing? Why will they be reading your writing? • Assess the purpose: What should the reader take away? • Read other people’s writing from the forums that you are targeting Language skills and the writing style are always important A paper published in one top journal can easily get rejected by another top journal – community difference or cultural difference • Check who are on the program committee or editorial board, and cite their relevant work with due credit • Follow the rules – length limits, formatting standards etc. • Reading and citing relevant papers from the premier forums How to Write a Top-Quality Paper • Choose a promising topic • Present a convincing case • Provide in-depth analysis of empirical results • Spend more time on the introduction. Choose a Promising Topic How to Present a Convincing Case • What exactly is the problem being solved? • How are your ideas significant (to justify a paper)? Some ideas are so simple that have been used many times and being published • Is all related work referenced and reviewed? • Are the comparative studies with previous work convincing? • Has your system been implemented and used, and if so what did it demonstrate from the real world for you and the reader to learn? In-Depth Analysis of Empirical Results • Enough details for your experiment settings (so that other researchers can verify and improve your results) • What were the alternatives considered at various points of your experiments? Why and how have you made the choices for your experiments? • Are the experimental results consistent and conclusive? • Can you fine-tune some key parameters to get better or worse results? If so, use figures and tables to show their impacts on your system performances • How do the experimental results correspond to the motivation of the paper? • What have you found surprising and tried to avoid in these experiments? How generally applicable are these lessons? The Most Important Part of Your Paper: the Introduction • The 1/3 – 2/3 Rule from a reviewer’s perspective: • 1/3 time to read your introduction and make a decision • Remaining 2/3 time to find evidence for the decision • A good introduction with a good motivation is half of your success! • What to cover in the introduction • The research problem • The motivation of your research on the research problem • The claim of your contribution • A summary of your evidence to support your claim • The significance of your contribution • An outline of the rest of the paper. Tips • Choose a topic you are interested in • Write down meeting notes • The importance of the reference • Literature management • Taking notes while reading • Start to write, from simple to complex and from descriptive to analytic • The importance of routine • The relationship between writing and revising • Work and rest What You can Write Everything is difficult at the beginning-the key point is "write" You can write • My subject is about... • My current stage is... • The next step is about... • The discovery I am interested in... • In terms of my research, what is "original"... • Since last week/last month, my research progress... • I currently need to solve a problem Progressive Writing • Construct structure: write the title of each chapter • Use one or two sentences to summarize the content of each chapter • Mark the titles of the sections in each chapter • Write down your ideas on how to develop the content of each section under each heading • Write introductory paragraphs for each chapter • Write the word count and date of the draft in the header of the first page Discovery:Data Retrieval and Collection • Repeatability and inspiration • Define the scope and limitations of the research • Retrieval construction: the expansion and deepening of synonyms + lowerlevel keywords, the construction of retrieval formulas is very complicated Process (example: pilotless automobile, pilotless vehicles, autonomous driving, autonomous vehicles) • Review articles in the field, extract keywords (cited) • Understand the search database structure and wildcards supported, and, or, not, ?, *(asterisk) • Mind Mapping Main Problems of Writing • Readability: Is the presentation clear? Is the argumentation process concise and logical? • Originality: writing purpose, new content. Respect all existing works and avoid plagiarism. • Credibility: Is the conclusion correct? Is the methodology used persuasive? Can it withstand scrutiny/argument? Are you honest or don't try to cover up the limitations of your research. • Applicability: Can the conclusion be applied in practice? Can it promote future research exhibitions? • Internationalization: Does it have an international and global perspective? Self-Assessment • Because we are too familiar with our own article, we can't find its shortcomings. • Let other people read your article-send your manuscript to one or a few friends and ask them for comments, suggestions, and criticisms of the article. • Check the article carefully to avoid spelling errors and incomplete references. We can not only rely on spell check tool. Achieve Goals "Many papers were rejected simply because they did not meet the basic requirements of the journal. Some papers were even rejected before they even entered the review stage." • Based on the actual situation, select several journals for submission. • Read the author’s guide, including topic selection, article type, length, reference format, etc. • Learn how to submit papers through publications or journal websites. • Submit an outline or abstract to see if it meets the needs of the journal and the topic selection (or ask the editor about the journal's requirements for articles). • Clarify the submission method of the paper, either by email or online. • Find this journal in the library and read at least one issue. Academic Paper Structure Title • Key search area → marketing • Eye-catching, increase the probability of the article being found, read, and cited • First impression for the editor-in-chief • Short sentence summary of the paper. Average 8-12 words. The shorter a paper title, the better its acceptance chance. The fewest words express the fullest meaning. • Be specific, the reader to know exactly what your study is Abstract A summary of the research problem, your claim, and the evidence • Time to describe your research (on average 200 words/ max. 250 ) • Summarize the problem/objective, method, results, and conclusion • An abstract can be broken down into the three parts: topic sentence, supporting sentence, and concluding sentence. Abstract into the Three Parts 1. Topic sentence explain the goal of the paper and the main objective 2. Supporting Sentences • Describe your methodology • Summarize the basic design of your study • What are the most important details about my method? • Avoid specific details that you will discuss later in your paper. • What are your major findings? 3. Concluding Sentences Keep it short to 1-2 sentences “In conclusion….” Why Abstract and Titles are So Important • Busy editors may form an opinion from abstracts and titles • For busy readers the abstract may be the only part of your paper they read • It must convince them to take time to read the whole paper • In some cases electronic crawlers only look at abstracts • It may be the only information available in a Medline/other search 23 Keywords • Quantity: 4-6 selected direction: subject-related, subdivided disciplines, research methods, international perspectives • Avoid overly technical terms • Avoid abbreviations that are not yet widely accepted • Consider platform retrieval-relevance • Frequency of important keywords • Top words that will allow your paper to be found Introduction (1) Introduction: Motivation, a re-statement of the abstract information, significance, an outline of the rest of the paper Related work: A critical review on the rival approaches that supports the motivation How to differentiate existing work with your own creative contributions • Introduce the background of your research • Represent the central idea of the paper • Discuss the problems and questions that remain from previous research • What is the value of your research • State the questions you will answer Introduction(2) 1. Research background: information in the research field to provide readers with a research background to highlight the importance and significance of research 2. Research results: research results of other researchers (known information) 3. Current gaps: show the significance of research and fill the gaps in current research (unknown information) 4. Purpose/Objective: Describe the main findings of this article 5. Reasonability/Value Literature Review • Literature review is not a simple list of references • Describe, analyze, summarize • Reference selection process 1. Identify research questions and narrow the scope of search 2. Literature search: periodicals, books, newspapers, government reports, etc. 3. Literature evaluation: timeliness, authority, quality 4. Summary and analysis: similarities and differences of views, questions & queries Research Methodology • Clear subheadings • Past tense • Discuss the methods and procedures used in the study. Why choose this method to prove the validity of the research? • Explain theoretical framework and models and the research design • Explain the data collection and how you did it • Precise measurements • The description is accurate, detailed and clear. • Provide enough information so that readers can repeat the experiment or push down the process Where are most of the defects usually in the paper? A) Method: 55% B) Discussion: 24% C) Results: 21% D) Introduction: 0% Results and Findings • Summarize the main results and findings • Interpret the most important results with graphs, tables, etc… • Assemble your findings in a logical order to make a story • Use subheadings • Use past tense to describe results • But refer to figures and tables in the present tense • Present the facts, do not discuss your results • Do not duplicate data among figures, tables and text • Include results of statistical analysis in the text Figures • All figures mentioned in text enclosed, complete and as separate files • Consecutively numbered within a chapter • Consecutively cited in text • Legends included in the text Tables • Prepared with the table function • Consecutively numbered within a chapter • Consecutively cited in text Discussion • Use subheadings • Use past tense when referring to results • But present tense to describe implications • Summarize and analyze your data, do not just repeat them • Describe the meaning of your results • Compare your findings with your hypothesis • How has your research moved scientific knowledge • Mention the limitations of your study • Interpretations are based on fact, not imagination • Explain the significance of your findings • Be humble • Do not overstate the importance of your results Conclusion • Summarize the main points of the study. Avoid summarizing articles • Provide implications and suggestions for future work. Looking ahead and pointing out the research direction • Summarize the research content, results, meaning and value. • Specify research hypotheses and conclusions, emphasizing practical significance, application prospects, etc. • Related research comparison. • Limitations, deficiencies, and unresolved issues. • Discuss future study • Give the reader a rake-home message Acknowledgements 1. Any individual or organization's technical assistance, including providing experimental materials, collaborative experimental work, providing useful inspiration, undertaking certain auxiliary tasks, and so on. 2. External fund assistance, such as grants, agreements or scholarships, sometimes needs to be noted with the funding project number and contract number. 3. Permission request: third-party authorization References • Must cite any information that is not “common knowledge” • Plagiarism • Taken very seriously in academia • Be sure to check and cite all reference • Harvard style: Harvard style, the author uses parentheses to indicate the author and publication year of the cited documents, and provides detailed information of the cited documents in the reference list after the text. The reference list is sorted in alphabetical order by the author's last name. • Quantity, time, quality • References follow the guidelines Language The Three “C”s Scientific Writing Avoid: Simple is Best Language Translating Common Mistakes • Lengthy Sentence e.g. We analyzed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the techniques quite complex. • More Concise e.g. The experiment analysis showed technical complexity. Advice • Read on a regular base • Write on a routine • Memorize sample sentences • Ask for help from supervisors and friends • English polish tools Paper Submission Process of Submission Select journal • Aim and Scope • Instruction for Authors Submit papers • Right format • Cover Letter Review • Editor • Reviewer • Editorial Board Reviewers’ comments • Accept • Minor revision • Major revision • Reject Re-submit after revision • Response to reviewer • Letter to editor Select Journal Step 1 Step 2 Frequently Read/Cited Aims & Scope Keywords Retrieval Recommend by Peers Author Guideline Subject Retrieval Published Articles Read the ‘‘Guide for Authors’’ Again and Again Apply the Guide for Authors to your manuscript, even to the first draft(text layout, paper citation, nomenclature, figures and table, etc.). It will save your time, and the editor’s. All editors hate wasting time on poorly prepared manuscripts. It is a sign of disrespect. Choose the Right Journal • You must get help from your supervisor or colleagues. Chase them if necessary. • Articles in your references will likely lead you to the right journal. • DO NOT gamble by scattering your manuscript to many journals. • Only submit once! International ethics standards prohibit multiple or simultaneous submissions, and editors DO find out! Article Format Adjustment • Word limit or page limit • Number of figures, resolution, format, whether to submit separately • British English vs American English • Reference format • Text format: Word/PDF/LaTeX What is a Good Manuscript?  Content is essential Contains a clear, useful, and exciting scientific message  Presentation is critical Conveys the authors’ thoughts in a logical manner such that the reader arrives at the same conclusions as the author  Constructed in the format that best showcases the authors’ material  Written in a style that transmits the message clearly  A good manuscript leads readers to scientific significance immediately. Improve Your English • Work with someone who is good at English writing • Enlist the help of a native English speaker • Use a professional service 51 Write a Helpful Cover Letter International Journal Submission——Cover Letter The main body of the paper: does not contain any author information. It is recommended to attach a cover letter with valid information: • Express your belief that the paper is within the scope of the journal • Describe, very briefly, what you found and why this is relevant to readers • Highlight the key points but don’t oversell • Clarify any point that may raise question • State the paper is new and original • Statement on conflict of interest • A statement that the paper has been read and approved by all the authors E-Submission Register Enter the Author Area Step 1:Type Title & Abstract Step 2:Attributes Step 3:Authors & Institutions Step 4: Reviewers Step 5: Details & Comments Step 6 & Step 7 File Upload & Submit Checklist before Submission 1. the right journal (within scope)? 2. a realistic choice of journal? 3. followed the Author Guidelines? 4. materials complete? 5. all declarations complete? 6. Study design appropriate? 7. chosen the right article type? 8. met all the ethical/registration requirements? Editors’ Challenges Today: • HUGE numbers of submission • Finding proper reviewers • Ethical problems • Editors are busy scientists just like you! Make their life easy by preparing well Common Problems • Multiple submission of the same manuscript to two or more journals • Submission of a paper already published in Chinese • Plagiarism (especially of small parts of a paper) • Submission of papers which are clearly out of scope • Failure to format the paper according to the Guide for Authors • Inappropriate (or no) suggested reviewers • Inadequate response to reviewers • Inadequate standard of English • Resubmission of rejected manuscripts without revision Review • Review method: two rounds of double-blind peer review • Do not submit one manuscript to more than one journals • Review results: Rejected: Questions about the topic selection, change to other journals Modification: Revise according to the review comments, and actively communicate with the editor-in-chief if there are different opinions If your Article is Rejected • Ask the reason. Most editors will give detailed comments on rejected manuscripts. Take a deep breath, and then listen carefully to the editor's statement. • Try again. Improve the manuscript and submit it to other journals. • Do not give up. At least 50% of the manuscripts in the business and management fields will be rejected. Each author will have at least one rejection experience. • Keep trying. Rules of Thumb • It is rare that reviewer is completely right, and the author completely wrong, or vice versa. • Understand that editors and reviewers are trying to improve your paperAccept feedback as a learning experience • Always show the editor you are doing everything you can to improve the paper • Rejection/Criticism don’t mean your work is not good Before you Respond • Remember: Editors/Reviewers are just trying to help • It is a game, not personal! • Don’t get angry • Don’t respond immediately • Seek advices from your supervisor or colleagues. How to Respond • Persistence pays – answer questions and address requests for revisions in a clear and timely fashion • Avoid personal attack and defensive behavior • Be polite but not obsequious • Address each points/comments in order • Explain which changes have been carried out • If suggestions/additional experiments were not incorporated, explain why • Argue with scientific evidence • If you really don’t agree with making the changes proposed, you need to argue with editor • Or withdraw your paper and submit to another journal Revise the Paper • It is good news that you are requested to revise the paper. • Your article has entered the publishing process. Almost every published paper must be revised at least once. • Don't be anxious. • Although the reviews can be sharp or negative, they are not personal. How to Modify your Article • Contact the editor to clarify the deadline for modification • If you have any questions about the review comments, please confirm with the editor whether your understanding is correct • Solicit the opinions of colleagues or collaborators, and improve the parts that are required to be modified • Guarantee to complete the modification within the specified time • Attach a letter before the revised manuscript, explaining the results of the revisions one by one, and explain the reasons if there is no revision Common Mistakes of Chinese Authors 1、 Do not strictly follow the submission guidelines, such as the number of words exceeds the limit, etc. Solution: carefully read the Author Guideline of each journal 2、The content of the paper does not match the direction of the journal content. Solution: Send the abstract to the editor of the journal before submission. If the direction does not match, choose another journal for submission 3、 There are many errors in English grammar and words and sentences. Solution: Seek co-authors or professional third parties to do subediting Research Ethics Background of Ethics • Academic publishing depends on trust • Transparency • Research integrity • Ownership of idea and copyright Transparency • Who funded the work? • Who did the work? • Has the work been published before? • Any conflict of interest? Research Integrity • Data shall be accurate, clear and original • Protecting the rights of research participants/subjects • Respecting cultures and heritage Ownership of Ideas and Copyright • Editors and readers have a right to expect that submitted work is the author's own • Copyright has not been breached (for example, if figures or tables are reproduced). Ethical Issues • Duplicate/Redundant publication • Disputed Authorship • Fabricated data • Falsification • Figure Manipulation • Plagiarism • Conflict of Interest Duplicate/Redudant publication • Duplicate publication –publishing the same paper or substantial parts of a paper in more than one place • Redundant publication – using previously published text or data (usually your own) in a new paper Translated Publication • Journals may choose to accept (i.e. consider 'not redundant') accurately translation from an original publication in a different language. • Must have appropriate permission(s) • Indicate clearly that the material has been translated and re-published, • Indicate clearly the original source of the material. What Defines Authorship? 1. Substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data 2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content 3. Final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet 1 AND 2 AND 3 What Defines Authorship? • All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed. • Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. Ghost Author 82 What Not Define Authorship? • Acquisition of funding • Collection of data • General supervision of the research group. Guest Author Gift Author 83 Deciding on Authorship • Agree who will be listed as an author at the beginning of your study • Agree who is responsible for what work • The corresponding author should be aware of, and agree to, their responsibility as the representative of the authors • Acknowledge those who assisted but do not qualify for authorship, with permission Falsification and Fabrication Changed or made up data to “improve” the results Image Modification • Images cannot be modified to change the overall appearance or appearance of any specific feature • Adjustments of brightness and contrast or colour balance are acceptable but must be applied to the entire image • Features cannot be obscured and any rearrangements must be explicitly indicated by the insertion of dividing lines Lisa A. Hannan, PhD, Managing Editor, Traffic The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla Plagiarism Taking the work of another from a published or unpublished paper without attribution • Data • Figure • Table • Wording Plagiarism Can Happen If: • You borrow short phrases from your research sources but fail to cite the source. • You paraphrase an idea from your research using your own words but you fail to cite the original author. • You represent another students’work, even a short passage from it, as your own. • You turn in a paper that you previously submitted as an assignment for another class.(Yes! It is possible to plagiarize yourself.) Labeling Method of the Documents • Adopt the sequential coding system. • It is to code consecutively • According to the order of appearance of the cited documents in the main text • Put the serial number in square brackets. When to Quote • Use quotations that establish examples, support your topics, and advance your argument. Do not quote for the sake of quoting. • Use quotation marks around the exact words of the writer or speaker you are quoting. • Note the name of the author, or speaker, of the quotation when you introduce the quotation or in a citation. What to Cite • Exact wording in phrases, full sentences, or passages found in magazine and newspaper articles, books, journals, reports, advertising and other print sources. • Exact wording in phrases, full sentences, or passages from TV and radio broadcasts, interviews, speeches, panel discussions, conversations, and other oral communications. • Summaries of the original ideas, findings, or conclusions of others that you found in your research. • Photographs, drawings and illustrations, charts and graphs, diagrams and schematics, and other pictorial images. What Not to Cite • Common knowledge, things that are generally well known and widely reported across numerous sources. However, if you are in doubt, cite it. It is always better to cite something that need not be cited than to omit a citation that you truly needed. Example :U.S. Presidential elections are held every four years. • Widely held beliefs. Example: Exercise and a healthy diet help to control body weight. • Traditional and well known stories, tales, myths, and legends from indeterminate authors. Example: The story goes on and on, like those of the Arabian Nights. • Current and historical events that are or were reported as news. Example: The attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 prompted the United States to enter World War II. Phrases to Introduce Quotations ■ The writer explains it by saying,“…” ■ According to [author/speaker’s name],“…” ■ The author writes,“…” ■ The author says,“…” ■ [Author’s name] says,“…” ■ [Author’s name] writes,“…” ■ [Author’s name] summarizes this by saying,“…” ■ [Author’s name] was correct when he/she said,“…” ■ [Author’s name] was incorrect when he/she said,“…” ■ [Author’s name] points out that,“…” Summaries/Paraphrases Paraphrasing and summarizing are ways of discussing the work and ideas of others without quoting them directly. We summarize a discussion or reading to make it more succinct so that it can fit more neatly into our own discussion. We paraphrase a discussion in order to make it clearer or more relevant to our thesis and our audience. For all practical purposes, summary/paraphrase means the same thing—using your own words to represent another’s ideas. It is equally as important to cite authors whose ideas you summarize or paraphrase as it is to cite those you quote. Phrases to Introduce Summaries In general, In short, In brief, In summary, To summarize, To restate, Generally, Generally speaking, Typically, Usually, As usual, As a general rule, As a rule, In most circumstances, In essence, In other words, On the whole, Phrases to Introduce Paraphrases ■ The author tells us that ■ According to the author, ■ The author writes … ■ The author says that … ■ The author states that … Conflicts of Interest • Conflicts of Interest exist when an author(or its inst), reviewer or editor has financial or personal relationships that inappropriately influence(bias) his/her actions. • Everyone has a responsibility to disclose conflicts of Interest Conflicts of Interest • The key is disclosure • Authors should provide disclosure statements from all authors • All sources of funding. Financial or otherwise, that may affect the authors' ability to present data objectively, and relevant sources of funding have been duly declared in the manuscript • Potential sources of conflict (employment, collaborations, affiliations) • Personal relationship(family, marriage, friend) • If not sure whether to disclose, do it Thank You.